HD8CE: Surveying

                                                                                                           

1. Introduction                                                                                    

Importance of surveying to engineers, plane and geodetic surveying, principles of surveying, classification of surveys

2. Measurements of Distances, Directions and Angles            

Principles of different methods and their accuracies, measurement by tape, Reference meridians, bearing and azimuths, magnetic declination, compass, Vernier theodolite, temporary adjustments, measurements of horizontal angle, modern trends- EDM, electronic theodolites and Electronic Total Station

3. Measurement of Elevations and Contouring                           

Methods of determining elevations, Direct levelling- basic terms and definitions, principle, booking and reduction of field notes, curvature and refraction, automatic levels, Contouring- methods and uses

4. Tacheometry                                                                                    

Definition, Principles of stadia systems, subtense bar and tangential methods

5. Curve Surveying                                                                           

Elements of simple circular curves, theory and methods of setting out simple circular curves, transition curves- types and their characteristics, ideal transition curve, equations of various transition curves, Introduction to vertical curves

6. Triangulation and Traversing                                                      

Principles of traversing by compass and theodolite, computations of traverse coordinates, Principles and classification of triangulation systems, strength of figures, satellite stations, intervisibility of stations, triangulation field work

7. Plane Table Surveys                                                                      

Principles, plane table equipments, methods, resection by three point problem

8. Theory of Errors and Adjustment Computations                 

Random errors and their characteristics, weighting of observation, propagation of errors and variances, most probable values, principle of least squares, observation conditions, condition equations and normal equations,

                       

 

 

SURVEY FIELD WORK

 

1. Study of different types of topographical maps and to prepare conventional symbols chart.
2. To measure bearings of a closed traverse by prismatic compass and to adjust the traverse by graphical method.
3. To find out reduced levels of given points using dumpy level.
4. To perform fly levelling with a tilting level.
5. To study parts of a vernier theodolite and practice for taking angle measurements.
6. To measure vertical angle of given points by vernier theodolite.
7. To measure horizontal angle between two objects by repetition method with three repetitions.
8. To measure horizontal angle by method of reiteration
9. To determine the elevation of chimney top by trigonometrical levelling by taking observations in single vertical plane.
10. To set out a simple circular curve by Rankine’s method
11. To determine tacheometric constants of a vernier theodolite.
12. To study various parts and practice with Wild T-2 micro-optic theodolite and EDM (Distomat DI-1600).